What structures are removed in a modified radical mastectomy?

• A. Pectoral muscles
• B. Breast and axillary nodes
• C. Nipple-areolar complex only
• D. Only axillary nodes

Answer: (B)

A modified radical mastectomy involves the surgical removal of the breast tissue along with some of the axillary (underarm) lymph nodes. This procedure is typically performed to treat or prevent the spread of breast cancer. In this surgery, the entire breast, including the nipple-areolar complex, is removed, but it preserves the pectoral muscles beneath the breast.

The removal of axillary nodes is crucial because breast cancer can spread through the lymphatic system, and these nodes are often the first site of metastasis. By taking out the axillary lymph nodes, the surgery aims to reduce the risk of cancer recurrence and gauge the extent of cancer spread. Therefore, the complete removal of both the breast tissue and the axillary nodes aligns with the goals of a modified radical mastectomy.

This distinguishes it from other surgical options that might involve preserving the breast tissue or only focusing on lymph node removal, which would not adequately address cases where the cancer has infiltrated the breast itself.